Politics of Work
Locality, Migration and Precariousness in Mumbai
Public Defence of PhD thesis by Maansi Parpiani.
The labour market in India is currently undergoing a critical transition. The past two decades of industrial closures, agrarian stagnation and an increase in the proportion of the working-age population has surfaced the sphere of work as the prime domain of political contestations. This phenomenon can be particularly witnessed in urban centres like Mumbai, a megacity of over 21 million inhabitants, where work requiring low entry-level skills – like that of security guards, domestic workers and daily wage workers – has emerged as an everyday site of competition and antagonism. How do workers secure jobs in this intensely competitive labour market? What kind of strategies, networks and modes of self-making are deployed to access work opportunities?
Drawing upon a 12-month-long fieldwork in Mumbai, Politics of Work shows how the labour market tends to be polarized around local–migrant politics wherein Marathi workers fashion themselves as sthaaniya (settled, rooted, local) to distinguish themselves from migrant workers and claim the first right to work in Mumbai. The study moves beyond two dominant theoretical views on the employment question in India, which frame the politics of work as that of either ‘waiting’ or ‘welfare’. Putting the focus squarely back on ‘work’, this study considers the narratives of workers who could neither wait for better jobs nor depend wholly on state welfare.
Further, arguing against the exclusive focus on migration and mobility as a strategy to negotiate the insecurity of work, the study discusses how ‘languages of locality’ are evoked by workers, as they produce associations with the city – its spaces and its history – to access and keep jobs in a competitive market of urban work. The ethnography conducted in Mumbai shows that even as workers align themselves to the regional state’s history of linguistic nationalism (around the Marathi language), their claims are not pre-existent or drawn from any singular nativist political party or discourse; these need to be actively and repeatedly produced. In particular, their political self-fashioning as ‘local workers’, repurposes the identity of the 20th century industrial workers of Mumbai (the kamgaar), who were known for their collective action and have come to be celebrated in the public memory as both respectable and dangerous.
Arbejdsmarkedet i Indien gennemgår i øjeblikket en kritisk udvikling. De sidste to årtier har været præget af afvikling af visse industrier, stagnation i landbruget og en stigning i andelen af befolkningen i den erhvervsaktive alder. Det har gjort arbejdsområdet til det primære domæne for politisk konflikt. Dette fænomen kan især ses i bycentre som Mumbai, en mega-by på over 21 millioner indbyggere, hvor lavuddannet arbejde som sikkerhedsvagt, hushjælp og daglejer er blevet til en skueplads for konkurrence og konflikt. Hvordan sikrer arbejdstagere job på dette stærkt konkurrenceprægede arbejdsmarked? Hvilke former for strategier, netværk og selvbilleder bliver brugt for at få adgang til arbejdsmuligheder?
På baggrund af et 12 måneders langt feltarbejde i Mumbai viser Politics of Work, at arbejdsmarkedet har en tendens til at polariseres omkring politiske konflikter mellem lokale og indvandrere, hvor lokale arbejdere fra delstaten Maharashtra italesætter sig selv som sthaaniya (bosat, forankret, lokalt) for at skille sig ud fra migrantarbejdere og gøre krav på førsteretten til at arbejde i Mumbai. Phd-afhandlingen bevæger sig ud over to dominerende teoretiske synspunkter i forhold til beskæftigelsesspørgsmålet i Indien, der ser politiske konflikter omkring arbejde enten som centreret omkring "venten" eller "velfærd". Ved at bringe fokus tilbage på selve ”arbejdet” beskæftiger afhandlingen sig med arbejdstagernes egne narrativer. Disse arbejdere ville hverken kunne tillade sig at vente på bedre job og eller afhænge helt af offentlig velfærd.
Afhandlingen argumenterer imod et ensporet fokus på migration og mobilitet som strategier til at ’’forhandle’’ usikkerhed på arbejdsmarkedet. I stedet viser den, hvordan ”lokalitetens sprog” bruges til at producere tilhørsforhold til byens rum og historie for at få adgang til og beholde job på et konkurrencepræget arbejdsmarked. Den etnografiske undersøgelse viser, at selvom arbejdere tilpasser sig delstatens tradition for sproglig nationalisme (omkring marathi-sproget), kan deres krav ikke siges at være baseret på allerede eksisterende forhold eller komme fra ét nativistisk politisk parti eller diskurs. De skal aktivt produceres og reproduceres. Identiteten som ”lokale arbejdere” bygger særligt på 1900-tallets industriarbejdere i Mumbai, kendt som kamgaar, der er gået over i den fælles hukommelse som både respektable og farlige på grund af deres kollektive handling.
Assessment Committee
- Professor Jørgen Delman, chair (University of Copenhagen)
- Associate Professor Nikita Sud (University of Oxford)
- Associate Professor Tarini Bedi (University of Illinois at Chicago)
Moderator of the defence
- Associate Professor Peter Birkelund Andersen (University of Copenhagen)
Copies of the thesis will be available for consultation at the following three places
- At the Information Desk of the Library of the Faculty of Humanities
- In Reading Room East of the Royal Library (the Black Diamond)
- At the Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, Karen Blixens Plads 8