The Shadow Sides of Positive Psychology and the Turn to Resilience

Public Defence of PhD Thesis by Mille Kirstine Bygballe Keis.

Read thesis (read-only pdf)

Assessment Committee

  • Associate Professor Andreas Bandak, Chair (University of Copenhagen)
  • Professor Steven Brown (Nottingham Trent University)
  • Professor Paula Reavey (London South Bank University)

Moderator of the defence

  • Associate Professor Trine Brox (University of Copenhagen)

Copies of the thesis will be available for consultation at the following three places:

  • At the Information Desk of the Library of the Faculty of Humanities, Karen Blixens Plads 7
  • In Reading Room East of the Royal Library (the Black Diamond), Søren Kierkegaards Plads 1
  • At the Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, Karen Blixens Plads 8

 

Since the formal launch of the field of positive psychology in the late 1990s, this new science of human happiness and well-being has found many niches in which to flourish. Over the past 20 years, positive psychological interventions have proliferated in various spheres such as education, management, self-help, professional counseling, and, more recently, in the U.S. Army. This dissertation examines the central promises and potential pitfalls of positive psychology and its approach to building resilience through an analysis of the Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program (CSF), a resilience-training program developed for the U.S. Army based on the principles from positive psychology. In 2008, the suicide rates of American soldiers had reached a 28-years high, and around one in five U.S. veterans, who had returned from the prolonged wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression. To deal with this mental health crisis, the U.S. Army turned to Martin Seligman, one of the founding fathers and leading figures in the field of positive psychology, who helped design the CSF program, which was launched in 2009. This program was intended to decrease rates of PTSD, depression, and anxiety and improve performance by enhancing the resilience and well-being of soldiers and other army personnel by teaching them how to cope with adversity and grow from both minor setbacks and major trauma.

Taking the resilience training program designed for the U.S. Army as my central case and empirical starting point, I focus on the way in which positive psychological theories and techniques have been promoted as an antidote to the problems of trauma, and how the notions of strengths and resilience found in the CSF program affect how the problems of trauma are viewed and treated, thus making the science of positive psychology and the central assumptions about resilience and trauma underlying the CSF program my central objects of investigation. I am not trying to refine a general theory about trauma and resilience. Instead, I attend to the ways in which notions of trauma and resilience are articulated in my case and I explore how these conceptions are situated within a broader field of questions and discussions about trauma and resilience. Thus, this dissertation contributes to ongoing discussions about the increasing focus on resilience and the use of positive psychology, and in it, I raise several critical questions and concerns of general relevance, as this program was not only created for the U.S. Army, but also intended as a general model for civilian use.

Based on my discussions about the wider sociopolitical implications of the growing use of psychological interventions and expertise in Western societies (chapter 3 and 7), my analysis of the scientific foundation of positive psychology (chapter 4), how positive psychologists have articulated the promise of resilience and the central theories and techniques used in the CSF program (chapter 5), and the assumptions about trauma and PTSD underlying this program (chapter 6), I argue that, while it is tempting to embrace the promises of positive psychology, we should not do so uncritically, as my analyses show how both the CSF program and the science of positive psychology are based on several promises, which they have yet to live up to. I demonstrate that rather than delivering on their promise to create positive psychological interventions based on hard, scientific evidence, the positive psychologists involved with the creation of the CSF program have made several unsubstantiated claims about the usefulness and effectiveness of positive psychological techniques as an antidote to PTSD. This dissertation also suggests that there are several shadow sides to this resilience-training. E.g., by portraying traumatic conditions like PTSD as rooted in bad habits of the mind, the CSF program largely represents traumatic disorders as an individual failure to properly manage one’s own thoughts, feelings, and actions, rather than as resulting from one’s exposure to traumatic stressors. It is tempting to conclude that the CSF program have failed as an antidote to the problems of trauma, but to do so, we risk overlooking how the program also works to individualize, decontextualize, and depoliticize both the problems of trauma and the notion of resilience.

 

 

Siden lanceringen af den positive psykologi i slutningen af 1990erne har denne nye videnskab om menneskets lykke og trivsel opnået en stadigt større udbredelse. I løbet af de sidste 20 år har interventioner baseret på den positive psykologi vundet indpas på forskellige områder såsom uddannelse, ledelse, selvhjælp, professionel terapi og rådgivning, samt i den amerikanske hær. Denne afhandling undersøger de centrale løfter og mulige skyggesider af den positive psykologi og dens tilgang til at opbygge resiliens gennem en analyse af programmet ”Comprehensive Soldier Fitness” (CSF), et resilienstræningsprogram udviklet til det amerikanske militær baseret på principper fra den positive psykologi. I 2008 var selvmordsraten blandt amerikanske soldater den højeste i 28 år, og cirka hver femte veteran fra krigene i Irak og Afghanistan led af PTSD eller depression. For at dæmme op for det stigende antal soldater med psykiske problemer kontaktede den amerikanske hær Martin Seligman, som er en af grundlæggerne af den positive psykologi, og sammen skabte de CSF-programmet, som blev lanceret i 2009. Formålet med dette forebyggende program var at mindske forekomsten af PTSD, depression og angst, samt at forbedre soldaternes ydeevne og styrke deres generelle velbefindende ved at lære dem forskellige teknikker til at håndtere stress og traumer.

Afhandlingen tager CSF-programmet som sin centrale case og empiriske genstand. I min analyse af CSF-programmet fokuserer jeg især på hvordan den positive psykologi er blevet promoveret som en modgift mod traumatisering, og jeg undersøger hvordan programmets ideer omkring styrker og resiliens påvirker forståelsen af traumer. Dermed gør jeg også programmets videnskabelige fundament, altså den positive psykologi og dens underliggende antagelser om traumer og resiliens, til en central genstand i mine analyser. Afhandlingens ærinde er ikke at fremstille en generel teori om traumer eller resiliens. I stedet fokuserer jeg på hvordan disse fremtræder i min case, og jeg udforsker hvordan programmets centrale antagelser er placeret i et bredere felt af spørgsmål og diskussioner omkring traumer og resiliens. Afhandlingen bidrager med en diskussion af resilienstænkningen og brugen af den positive psykologi og jeg rejser en række kritiske spørgsmål, som har bredere relevans end blot det amerikanske militær, idet CSF-programmet ikke kun var skabt til det amerikanske militær, det er også tiltænkt som en mere generel model for, hvordan man kan øge individers resiliens i civile kontekster.

På baggrund af afhandlingens analyser og diskussion af de bredere sociopolitiske effekter af den stigende brug af psykologiske interventioner og ekspertise i den vestlige verden (kapitel 3+7), den positive psykologis videnskabelige fundament (kapitel 4), resilienstænkningens og CSF-programmets underliggende løfter, teorier og teknikker (kapitel 5), samt programmets underliggende antagelser om traumer og PTSD (kapitel 6) argumenterer jeg for, at selvom det er fristende at omfavne den positive psykologis centrale løfter og antagelser, så bør dette ikke gøres ukritisk. Afhandlingens kapitler viser, hvordan både CSF-programmet og den positive psykologi er baseret på en række løfter, som de endnu ikke lever op til. Den positive psykologi blev f.eks. lanceret på et løfte om at levere psykologiske interventioner med veldokumenteret effekt, men samtidig er CSF-programmet baseret på udokumenterede påstande omkring anvendeligheden og effekten af teknikkerne fra den positive psykologi som en modgift til PTSD. Afhandlingen belyser også hvordan resilienstræningen i CSF-programmet rummer en række mulige skyggesider. Programmet fremstiller bl.a. traumatiske lidelser som værende funderet i bestemte dårlige vaner og karakteristiske tænkemåder, og promoverer dermed en forståelse af traumatiske lidelser som et resultat af individers manglende evne til at styre og regulere deres egne tanker, følelser og handlinger, snarere end værende et resultat af deres eksponering for traumatiske stressfaktorer. Det er fristende at konkludere at CSF-programmet har fejlet og ikke virker som en modgift til traumatisering, men så risikerer vi at overse, hvordan programmet også virker på andre måder, bl.a. hvordan programmet individualiserer, dekontekstualiserer og afpolitiserer forståelsen af både traumer og resiliens.