The role of UNESCO in the protection of cultural heritage during armed conflict in Yemen, Syria and Iraq

Public Defence of PhD Thesis by Joanne Dingwall McCafferty.

 

This thesis aims to determine UNESCO’s capability to facilitate heritage protection measures pre-conflict, emergency response measures during conflict and reconstruction efforts post- conflict. Current literature has neglected to address how UNESCO’s ability to engage with a country, which is currently experiencing, or has recently experienced, conflict, changes depending on the political standpoints of other Member States, and the consequent effect such standpoints have on UNESCO’s facilitation of remote or on-the-ground heritage safeguarding initiatives. This thesis employs document analysis to ascertain UNESCO’s legal obligations when it comes to facilitating cultural heritage protection in its Member States’ territories in the condition of armed conflict, while drawing comparisons with the reality of the organisation’s presence and involvement in Yemen, Syria and Iraq. This study maps shifts in UNESCO’s level of communication with each country’s respective government and civil authorities; allocation of financial, human and material resources; and implementation of heritage safeguarding and reconstruction initiatives. Both quantitative and qualitative data collected during this study shows UNESCO to exhibit great inequity in engagement across Yemen, Syria and Iraq, with the organisation, at times, closing communications entirely with Syria, due to the political standpoints of other UNESCO Member States. This political gridlock, which is evidenced to paralyse UNESCO, is often shown to result in the organisation overstating its ability to safeguard or restore heritage, with promises not being followed up with action. Since 2015, UNESCO has expressed a stronger intent to be a key player in heritage protection during armed conflict, however as long as cultural heritage protection is not considered a humanitarian concern, UNESCO will not be able to circumvent much of the political and bureaucratic barriers facing intergovernmental organisations during conflict, which prevent emergency action from being implemented. In order to ensure heritage safeguarding is permitted during periods of significant unrest, regardless of political discord, it is crucial that UNESCO promote a people-centred approach to its cultural heritage protection initiatives. This thesis evidences that focusing on livelihoods and meaningful and practical connections between populations and their local heritage to be UNESCO’s optimal methodological approach for justifying cultural heritage protection as a humanitarian necessity.

 

 

Denne afhandling har til formål at klarlægge UNESCO’s evne til at fremme kulturarvsbeskyttende foranstaltninger før konfliktudbrud, nødberedskabsforanstaltninger under konflikter, såvel som genopbygningsindsatser i post-konfliktfasen. Den aktuelle faglitteratur har indtil nu forsømt at behandle, hvordan UNESCO’s evne til at engagere sig i et land, som i øjeblikket gennemgår, eller for nylig har oplevet, en konflikt, ændrer sig afhængigt af de politiske holdninger i andre medlemsstater, og den deraf følgende effekt sådanne holdninger har på UNESCO’s facilitering af kulturarvsbeskyttelse via direkte og fjernbetjente initiativer. Denne afhandling anvender dokumentanalyse til at fastslå UNESCO’s juridiske forpligtelser, når det kommer til at fremme beskyttelsen af kulturarv i dets medlemslandes territorier under væbnede konflikter, samtidig med at der drages sammenligninger til organisationens faktiske tilstedeværelse og involvering i Yemen, Syrien og Irak. Denne undersøgelse kortlægger skift i UNESCO’s kommunikationsniveau med hvert lands respektive regeringer og civile myndigheder; allokering af finansielle, menneskelige og materielle ressourcer; og implementering af initiativer til sikring af kulturarv og genopbygning. Både kvantitative og kvalitative data indsamlet i løbet af denne undersøgelse viser, at UNESCO udviser stor ulighed i sit engagement på tværs af Yemen, Syrien og Irak, hvor organisationen til tider stopper al kommunikation med Syrien på grund af andre UNESCO-medlemsstaters politiske holdninger. Denne politiske krise, som bevisligt lammer UNESCO, viser sig ofte at resultere i, at organisationen overvurderer sin egen evne til at beskytte eller genoprette kulturarv, med løfter, der ikke bliver efterfulgt af handling. Siden 2015 har UNESCO udtrykt en stærkere hensigt om at være en hovedaktør i kulturarvsbeskyttelse under væbnede konflikter, men så længe kulturarvsbeskyttelse ikke betragtes som en humanitær bekymring, vil UNESCO ikke være i stand til at omgå mange af de politiske og bureaukratiske barrierer, som mellemstatslige organisationer står overfor under en konflikt, hvilket forhindrer en nødaktion i at blive iværksat. For at sikre at kulturarvsbeskyttelse er tilladt i perioder med betydelig uro, uanset politisk uenighed, er det afgørende, at UNESCO fremmer en menneskecentreret tilgang til sine initiativer til beskyttelse af kulturarven. Denne afhandling konkluderer, at fokus på levevilkår og meningsfulde og praktiske forbindelser mellem befolkninger og deres lokale kulturarv er den optimale metodiske tilgang for UNESCO til at retfærdiggøre kulturarvsbeskyttelse som en humanitær nødvendighed.

 

Assessment Committee

  • Associate Professor Ingolf Thuesen, Chair (University of Copenhagen)
  • Professor Ruth Young (University of Leicester)
  • Associate Professor Gertjan Plets (Utrecht University)

Moderator of the defence

  • Associate Professor Trine Brox (University of Copenhagen)

Copies of the thesis will be available for consultation at the following three places:

  • At the Information Desk of the Library of the Faculty of Humanities, Karen Blixens Plads 7
  • In Reading Room East of the Royal Library (the Black Diamond), Søren Kierkegaards Plads 1
  • At the Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, Karen Blixens Plads 8.