Unchanged Foodways

A micro-wear perspective on the Epipalaeolithic-Neolithic transition in Northeastern Jordan

Public Defence of PhD Thesis by Anne Jörgensen-Lindahl.

 

The transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture in southwest Asia, which took place between 15, 000 – 8, 000 years ago during the Epipalaeolithic-Neolithic transition, marks a shift in most aspects of human lifeways. In particular, diet and the change in subsistence strategy from food gathering to food production following the domestication of crop plants and certain animals has been the focus of many studies. Similarly, the origins of agriculture, both in terms of geographical location and chronology has been researched extensively, together with the question of why this new way of life was adopted. Several hypotheses have been put forward and a multitude of methods has been applied for their investigation. Apart from detailed studies of faunal and botanical remains, various analyses of chipped stone tools have been used for relative dating, the tracing of different technocomplexes and the documentation of the chronological and geographical spread of agriculture. Being omnipresent in most prehistoric assemblages, chipped stone tools constitute a constant record of human behaviour throughout prehistory. Particularly the way they were used can inform on patterns of different activities and changes, which in turn may add extensive information about past human behaviour and adaptations.

In applying micro-wear analysis to the chipped stone assemblages of Shubayqa 1 and 6, this thesis aim to add to the body of literature on the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture. Together the sites span the Epipalaeolithic-Neolithic transition, covering almost 4, 000 years (14, 600 – 10, 500 cal. BP) of occupation of the Ḥarrat al-Shām in northeastern Jordan. As such, they provide excellent case studies for the investigation of the transition to agriculture in a region with less ideal prerequisites for human occupation and agriculture than other, more well-studied, parts of the Levant including the Mediterranean zone. Using micro-wear analysis of chipped stone tools, the primary aims are to identify behavioural patterns in activity and material exploitation and how, if at all, they relate to the changing foodways taking place during this period. The results of the analysis will further be used to address the impact of the Younger Dryas climatic event (c. 12, 900 – 11, 600 cal. BP) on the adoption of agriculture. In so doing, the ability of micro-wear analysis to address broader discussions that go beyond the functional aspects of tool use is illustrated. Finally, it is argued that the Neolithisation process in northeastern Jordan is characterized more by gradual social and cultural transformations such as pan-Levantine social networks and local adaptations to changing environments rather than by rapid changes in subsistence.

 

 

Overgangen fra jæger-samler til agerbrugssamfund i Mellemøsten fandt sted mellem 15000-8,000 år siden i løbet af de såkaldte epipalæolitiske-neolitiske perioder og markererede et markant skifte i menneskers levevis. Hovedfokus i mange studier har hidtil været hvordan folks madvaner ændrede sig fra at samle til at producere mad efter at bestemte typer planter og dyr blev domesticeret. Lignende studier af agerbrugets fremkomst har også fokuseret på den kronologiske og geografiske oprindelse samt forsøgt at afklare hvorfor denne nye levemåde blev så udbredt. Flere hypoteser har været fremsat og mange metoder er blevet afprøvet som forklaringsmodeller. Ud over detaljerede studier af botanisk materiale og fauna er flintmateriale også blevet brugt til relativ datering, til at følge de forskellige teknokomplekser og til at spore den geografiske og kronologiske udbredelse af agerbrug. Da stenredskaber er den væsentligste del af forhistoriske samlinger udgør de en konstant notat over menneskers aktiviteter. Især måden hvorpå de redskaber blev brugt kan fortælle os om forandringer i aktivitetsmønstre og derved give os information om hvordan mennesker strukturerede opgaver, aktiviteter og inkorporerede nye ideer. Det er denne afhandlings hensigt at bruge slidsporsanalyse af flintmaterialet fra to bopladser, Shubayqa 1 og 6, til at tilføje ny viden om overgangen mellem jæger-samler og agerbrugssamfund i Mellemøsten.

Shubayqa 1 og 6 er lokaliseret i Harrat as-Shams ørkenen i det nordøstlige Jordan. Sammen spænder de over knap 4000 års beboelse i den sene epipalæolitiske og den tidligste neolitiske periode (14,600-10,500 kal. BP). Materialet herfra er derfor særdeles velegnet til at afsøge hvordan denne overgang så ud i et område der havde mindre favorable omgivelser end i mere velstuderede områder af Levanten som for eksempel middelhavsregionen. Resultatet af analysen bliver brugt til at fortælle os om hvilke aktiviteter der fandt sted, hvilke materialer folk bearbejdede og forsøger at skildre hvordan forandringer af folks madvaner reflekteres i stenredskaber. Resultaterne vil derudover blive brugt til at vurdere hvilken indflydelse klimaet i løbet af Yngre Dryas (ca. 12, 900 – 11, 600 kal. BP) havde på udbredelsen af agerbrug i regionen. Derved indgår studien også i en bredere diskussion og illustrerer hvor man kan bruge slidsporsanalyse udover mere traditionel funktionsbestemmelse af redskaber.

Slutteligt argumenterer afhandlinger for at neolitiserings-processen i det nordøstlige Jordan er karakteriseret af gradvise sociale og kulturelle ændringer, såsom interaktioner med panlevantiske socialnetværk og lokale innovationer til et miljø i forandring i langt højere grad end et resultat af pludselige forandringer af folks levevilkår.

 

Assessment Committee

  • Associate Professor Susanne Kerner, Chair (University of Copenhagen)
  • Professor Stuart Campbell (University of Manchester)
  • Associate Professor Danielle Macdonald (University of Tulsa)

Moderator of the defence

  • Associate Professor Jesper Nielsen (University of Copenhagen)

Copies of the thesis will be available for consultation at the following three places:

  • At the Information Desk of the Library of the Faculty of Humanities, Karen Blixens Plads 7
  • In Reading Room East of the Royal Library (the Black Diamond), Søren Kierkegaards Plads 1
  • At the Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, Karen Blixens Plads 8