With the outbreak of civil war in Iraq after 2003, many observers, Iraqi and otherwise, have framed the bloodshed in a fatalistic way as being reflective of an innate Iraqi tendency toward violence and division. This chapter provides an overview of how the subject of Iraqi social division is viewed, particularly in the wake of the invasion of 2003 and the outbreak of civil war. The focus on the post-2003 era means that this chapter will necessarily reflect the artificial skew toward sectarian identities that has pervaded discussions of Iraq in the twenty-first century.